RESEARCH LIBRARY

Peptide science with the receipts. Compound mechanisms, trial breakdowns, and lab method, cited to the primary literature.

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Compound Deep Dive

Retatrutide Phase 2 Trial Breakdown: What the 2023 NEJM Data Actually Showed

The 48-week Phase 2 trial (NCT04881760) randomized 338 adults; the 12 mg arm reported a 24.2% mean body weight reduction versus 2.1% on placebo. Dose-by-dose results at 24 and 48 weeks, adverse events by arm, and where Phase 3 stands.

Amino Axiom Editorial||11 min read
retatrutide
phase-2
glp-1
gip
Practical Guide

Reading a Peptide Certificate of Analysis: The Numbers That Matter

A line-by-line guide to interpreting COAs — purity percentages, mass spec data, net peptide content, and the red flags to watch for.

Amino Axiom Editorial||8 min read
coa
purity
quality
lab-testing
Fundamentals

What Are Research Peptides? A Complete Beginner's Guide

Research peptides are lab-synthesized amino acid chains sold for research use only, not approved drugs. Definitions, how they differ from FDA-approved peptide drugs, how they are classified, and how quality is checked.

Amino Axiom Editorial||9 min read
beginner
peptides
chemistry
overview
Compound Deep Dive

Retatrutide Phase 3 (TRIUMPH) Program: What Has Been Reported as of September 2026

Four TRIUMPH trials have read out topline since December 2025. What each measured, what the reports stated, how they compare with the phase 2 data, and what is still pending before the planned regulatory submission.

Amino Axiom Editorial||9 min read
Compound Deep Dive

hCG Explained: Alpha and Beta Subunit Structure, Glycosylation, and Recombinant vs Urinary-Derived Preparations

Human chorionic gonadotropin is a glycoprotein heterodimer, not a synthetic peptide. How the shared alpha subunit and unique beta subunit are built, why glycosylation sets its half-life, and how urinary and recombinant preparations differ.

Amino Axiom Editorial||8 min read
Fundamentals

Somatostatin: The Growth Hormone Brake, SST Receptor Subtypes, and Why GH Secretagogue Research Always Mentions It

Every GH secretagogue study runs against somatostatin tone. What the peptide is, how its five receptor subtypes are distributed, how it produces pulsatile GH release, and why it is the main confounder in secretagogue assay design.

Amino Axiom Editorial||8 min read
Practical Guide

FDA Status of Research Peptides: 503A, 503B, Approved, and Research-Only

A practical guide to understanding the regulatory categories that govern peptide compounds in the United States — and what each status actually means.

Amino Axiom Editorial||8 min read
Compound Deep Dive

Sermorelin: The Original GHRH Analog and Its Clinical Legacy

A 29-amino-acid GHRH(1-29) fragment with FDA approval history, decades of pediatric clinical use, and a unique position in the GH secretagogue landscape.

Amino Axiom Editorial||7 min read
Compound Deep Dive

Thymosin Alpha-1: The Most Clinically Validated Immune Peptide

A naturally occurring 28-amino-acid peptide with regulatory approvals in over 30 countries — and one of the most extensive clinical track records in peptide research.

Amino Axiom Editorial||8 min read
Compound Deep Dive

Mitochondrial Peptides: MOTS-c, Humanin, and Elamipretide

Three peptides from a research field that did not exist 25 years ago — mitochondrial-derived peptides, their roles in aging biology, and what early clinical translation looks like.

Amino Axiom Editorial||10 min read
Compound Deep Dive

GHK-Cu: 50 Years of Copper Peptide Research and What the Literature Documents

A tripeptide with documented effects on skin regeneration, gene expression, and tissue repair — and a research track record that spans the field of bioactive peptides.

Amino Axiom Editorial||9 min read
Compound Deep Dive

DSIP: Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide and the Sparse Modern Literature

A historically significant peptide with substantial 1970s-1980s research and minimal modern follow-up — and what that pattern reveals about peptide research priorities.

Amino Axiom Editorial||7 min read
Compound Deep Dive

Epitalon and Telomere Research: Separating the Evidence from the Hype

A look at the pineal-derived tetrapeptide with documented effects on telomerase activity, gene expression, and animal lifespan — and what remains unresolved.

Amino Axiom Editorial||9 min read
Compound Deep Dive

Cerebrolysin: Four Decades of Neurological Research and What the Evidence Shows

A porcine brain-derived peptide preparation with one of the longest clinical track records in neurological research — and the methodological questions that come with it.

Amino Axiom Editorial||9 min read
Compound Deep Dive

Selank: The Tuftsin Analog and What the Anxiolytic Research Documents

A synthetic heptapeptide derived from the immunomodulatory tuftsin, with documented effects on anxiety, immunity, and enkephalin metabolism.

Amino Axiom Editorial||8 min read
Compound Deep Dive

Semax Mechanism Deep Dive: BDNF, Melanocortin Signaling, and Nootropic Research

A look at the synthetic ACTH(4-10) analog with documented effects on neurotrophic factor expression and central nervous system signaling.

Amino Axiom Editorial||8 min read
Compound Deep Dive

AOD-9604: The Growth Hormone Fragment Story

A look at the C-terminal hGH fragment with documented lipolytic activity in animal models — and what its failed human trials reveal.

Amino Axiom Editorial||7 min read
Compound Deep Dive

Cagrilintide and the Amylin Story: Combination Research with Semaglutide

How a long-acting amylin analog adds a complementary mechanism to GLP-1 agonism — and what the CagriSema trial data shows.

Amino Axiom Editorial||8 min read
Compound Deep Dive

Retatrutide Trial Landscape: 20 Active Studies and What They Are Investigating

A guide to the active Phase 1, 2, and 3 retatrutide trials — including the populations, endpoints, and timeline for the next generation of human data.

Amino Axiom Editorial||9 min read
Compound Deep Dive

Retatrutide vs Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide: Head-to-Head Literature Comparison

A side-by-side look at three generations of incretin-based research compounds — single, dual, and triple receptor agonism — and what the trial data documents.

Amino Axiom Editorial||10 min read
Compound Deep Dive

Tesamorelin: The Only FDA-Approved GHRH Analog and What That Means

How a single regulatory approval shapes our understanding of what GHRH-class compounds can do in human research populations.

Amino Axiom Editorial||7 min read
Compound Deep Dive

CJC-1295 with DAC: Albumin Binding and the Long-Acting GHRH Analog

A detailed look at the drug affinity complex chemistry that extends GHRH half-life from minutes to days — and what the clinical data documents.

Amino Axiom Editorial||8 min read
Compound Deep Dive

GHRH Analogs vs Ghrelin Mimetics: Two Pathways, Two Mechanisms

A side-by-side comparison of the two main classes of growth hormone secretagogues and why combination protocols are the standard in the literature.

Amino Axiom Editorial||9 min read
Compound Deep Dive

MGF: Mechano Growth Factor and the IGF-1 Splice Variant Story

How mechanical stress on muscle produces a unique IGF-1 isoform — and what the literature documents about its role in muscle research.

Amino Axiom Editorial||8 min read
Compound Deep Dive

KPV: The Melanocortin Tripeptide and Its Anti-Inflammatory Research

The smallest active fragment of α-MSH and what the literature documents about its activity in gut inflammation and immune signaling.

Amino Axiom Editorial||8 min read
Compound Deep Dive

TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4, Actin Biology, and the Cell Migration Story

A focused look at TB-500 separate from BPC-157 — the actin-sequestering protein, the active fragment, and what the literature actually documents.

Amino Axiom Editorial||9 min read
Compound Deep Dive

BPC-157 Mechanism Deep Dive: Angiogenesis, Nitric Oxide, and Growth Factor Cascades

A pathway-by-pathway look at what the preclinical literature suggests BPC-157 actually does at the molecular level.

Amino Axiom Editorial||10 min read
Practical Guide

How Research Peptides Are Made: Synthesis, HPLC, and Mass Spectrometry

The chemistry behind solid-phase peptide synthesis and the analytical methods that verify what is in the vial.

Amino Axiom Editorial||9 min read
Fundamentals

Peptide Research Evidence Hierarchies: From In Vitro to Human Trials

How to weigh in vitro experiments, animal models, and human clinical data when reading peptide literature.

Amino Axiom Editorial||8 min read
Practical Guide

Understanding Peptide Storage, Reconstitution, and Handling

A practical guide to maintaining peptide integrity from purchase through research use.

Amino Axiom Editorial||7 min read
Compound Deep Dive

Growth Hormone Secretagogues: Ipamorelin, CJC-1295, and GHRP Peptides

Understanding the two pathways of GH stimulation and how different secretagogues compare.

Amino Axiom Editorial||9 min read
Compound Deep Dive

BPC-157 and TB-500: The Science Behind the Healing Stack

Examining the research literature on two of the most studied repair-associated peptides.

Amino Axiom Editorial||9 min read
Compound Deep Dive

GLP-1 Agonists Explained: Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, and Beyond

A deep dive into the science behind GLP-1 receptor agonists and what clinical research has demonstrated.

Amino Axiom Editorial||10 min read