VIP / Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

VIP is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide with wide distribution in the body. It has potent immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. It acts on VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. Research has focused on applications in autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and neuroprotection.

PubMed results: 81 · Human studies: 27 · Animal studies: 68

Ranges reflect protocols studied in published research and animal-model extrapolation. Presented for research purposes only, not a recommendation or instruction for human use.

• Intravenous — standard range 400 pmol/kg/min, Continuous infusion

1-2 minutes (high confidence)

• Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory signaling (Strong preclinical): Vasoactive intestinal peptide acts on VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors and has demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in multiple animal and in vitro models of immune dysregulation.
• Neuroprotective research interest (Moderate clinical): As a widely distributed neuropeptide, VIP has been studied for neuroprotective and migraine-related vascular signaling pathways; clinical research includes headache and migraine cohorts among other applications.
• Vasodilatory and smooth-muscle regulation (Strong preclinical): VIP is a classical vasodilator peptide that relaxes smooth muscle in multiple vascular beds, a mechanism that underpins both therapeutic research interest and hemodynamic adverse-effect potential.

• Flushing and vasodilation — Mild, Common. Given potent vasodilatory pharmacology, flushing, warmth, and related vascular sensations are expected class effects when VIP exposure rises systemically.
• Hypotension — Moderate, Uncommon. Systemic vasodilation can lower blood pressure; experimental and clinical VIP exposure has been associated with hypotensive responses in susceptible settings.
• Headache — Mild, Common. VIP is itself used experimentally as a migraine provocation agent in human models, reflecting vasoactive cranial effects that can precipitate or worsen headache.

• Uncontrolled hypotension or hemodynamic instability (Clinical): Potent vasodilatory activity can further reduce blood pressure and compromise perfusion in already unstable cardiovascular states.
• Severe migraine or known VIP-triggered headache sensitivity (Theoretical / Preclinical): Because VIP can provoke migraine-like attacks in experimental human models, individuals with severe migraine pathophysiology may be at elevated risk of symptom exacerbation.

Lyophilized (powder): Refrigerated (2-8°C), Up to 24 months. Light sensitive: yes, store dark

Reconstituted (solution): Refrigerated (2-8°C), 4-6 weeks. Solvent: Bacteriostatic water

• NCT04234451 — Efficacy, Safety and Underlying Mechanisms of Sphenopalatine Ganglion Acupuncture for Perennial Allergic Rhinitis (NA), status: UNKNOWN. Indications: Perennial Allergic Rhinitis
• NCT00272896 — Hemodynamic and Headache-Inducing Effect of Intravenous Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Migraineurs (NA), status: COMPLETED. Indications: Headache, Migraine, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
• NCT06549270 — Biochemical Profiling of Migraine Patients, status: RECRUITING. Indications: Migraine Disorders, Chronic Migraine, Episodic Migraine
• NCT04788277 — Investigation Into Detection of Prostate Cancer Using Voided Urine (Prostate VPAC), status: RECRUITING. Indications: Prostate Carcinoma
• NCT00753311 — Rizatriptan in Acute Treatment of Migraine in Patients With Unilateral Trigeminal-autonomic Symptoms. (PHASE4), status: COMPLETED. Indications: Migraine
• NCT06417424 — Observe Intestinal Tract Cleaness of Senile Constipation Patients Used Gastrointestinal External Stimulation (NA), status: RECRUITING. Indications: Electric Stimulation
• NCT05375968 — Splanchnic Venous Capacitance in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (PHASE2), status: RECRUITING. Indications: Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)
• NCT01329562 — CGRP, Estrogen, Cortisol, VIP, α-Amylase, PGE2, PGI2 and ß-Endorphin Levels in Menstrual Migraine Before and After Treximet (PHASE4), status: COMPLETED. Indications: Menstrual Migraine
• NCT05685797 — Biomarker Study in Patients With Herpes Zoster (NA), status: COMPLETED. Indications: Herper Zoster
• NCT06870292 — Posterior Nasal Nerve Combined with Anterior Ethmoid Neurotomy for Idiopathic Rhinitis (NA), status: RECRUITING. Indications: Idiopathic Rhinitis
• NCT07086274 — Individualized Location-based rTMS for Migraine Treatment: A Multicenter Clinical Study (NA), status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING. Indications: Migraine, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Repetitive
• NCT03889210 — β-hydroxybutyrate, Glucose Metabolism and Prediabetes (NA), status: COMPLETED. Indications: PreDiabetes
• NCT05379660 — Effects of TEAS on Postoperative Recovery of Intestinal Function in Children Undergoing Laparoscopic Appendectomy (NA), status: UNKNOWN. Indications: Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation
• NCT04452929 — The Effect of Anti-calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) Receptor Antibodies on the Headache Inducing Properties of CGRP and Cilostazol in Migraine Patients (NA), status: UNKNOWN. Indications: Migraine, Migraine Without Aura, Migraine With Aura
• NCT04052945 — Efficacy, Safety and Underlying Mechanisms of Sphenopalatine Ganglion Acupuncture for Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis (NA), status: UNKNOWN. Indications: Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis
• NCT00464932 — Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in COPD, status: COMPLETED. Indications: COPD, Pulmonary Hypertension
• NCT01471990 — Effect of PACAP38/VIP on Migraineurs Measured by Magnetic Resonance (NA), status: COMPLETED. Indications: Migraine Without Aura
• NCT04453839 — ZYESAMI (Aviptadil) Intermediate Population Expanded Access Protocol (SAMICARE), status: NO_LONGER_AVAILABLE. Indications: Critical COVID-19 With Respiratory Failure
• NCT03724656 — Effects of Intraoperative Stimulation of Acupoints on Postoperative Gastrointestinal Motility Recovery (NA), status: UNKNOWN. Indications: Gastrointestinal Dysfunction
• NCT07290816 — Effect of Non-invasive Neuromodulation on the Quality of Intestinal Cleansing (NA), status: NOT_YET_RECRUITING. Indications: Intestinal Polyps