51 terms covering the essential vocabulary of peptide research. From pharmacokinetics to practical handling.
51 terms found
A molecule that binds to a receptor and activates it, producing a biological response.
Organic molecules that serve as the building blocks of peptides and proteins.
Relating to metabolic processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones, typically requiring energy input.
The formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature.
A molecule that binds to a receptor without activating it, thereby blocking the action of agonists at that receptor.
Programmed cell death, a highly regulated process by which cells undergo orderly self-destruction.
A cellular recycling process where damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, and other cellular debris are engulfed by double-membrane vesicles (autophagosomes) and delivered to lysosomes for degradation.
Sterile water containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a bacteriostatic preservative.
The strength of interaction between a molecule and its receptor, typically expressed as the dissociation constant (Kd).
The fraction of an administered dose of a substance that reaches systemic circulation in an unchanged form.
The production of complex molecules within living organisms through multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
A family of peptide sequences originally isolated from human gastric juice.
Relating to metabolic processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones, typically releasing energy.
The first stage of human testing for a new compound, primarily focused on safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics.
The second stage of human testing, designed to evaluate efficacy and further assess safety in a larger group of 100-300 participants who have the condition being studied.
Large-scale trials involving 1,000-3,000+ participants designed to confirm efficacy, monitor side effects, and compare the compound to existing standard treatments.
Post-marketing surveillance studies conducted after a compound has received regulatory approval.
A document provided by a manufacturer or third-party laboratory that certifies the identity, purity, and composition of a compound.
Small signaling proteins released by cells that regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis.
A modification strategy where a reactive chemical group is added to a peptide that allows it to bind covalently and reversibly to serum albumin after administration.
Originating or produced within the organism.
Originating or produced outside the organism; externally administered.
The process by which the U.S.
A class of compounds that stimulate the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.
A compound that mimics the action of ghrelin, the endogenous "hunger hormone," by binding to and activating the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a).
A 44-amino-acid peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary.
An incretin hormone produced by intestinal L-cells in response to food intake.
The time required for the concentration of a substance in the body to decrease by half.
The maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism despite changes in external conditions.
An analytical technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture.
A peptide hormone structurally similar to insulin that mediates many of the growth-promoting effects of growth hormone.
An application submitted to the FDA that allows a compound to be administered to humans in clinical trials.
A complex biological response to tissue injury, infection, or cellular stress involving immune cell recruitment, increased blood flow, and release of inflammatory mediators.
A route of administration involving injection directly into muscle tissue.
A preservation method where a substance is frozen and then subjected to vacuum pressure to remove water through sublimation.
An analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify and characterize molecules.
Relating to mitochondria, the double-membrane organelles responsible for producing the majority of cellular energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation.
A class of peptides that act as signaling molecules in the nervous system.
The use of an FDA-approved drug for a purpose, population, or dosage other than what was specifically approved.
An imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to neutralize them with antioxidant defenses.
The covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer chains to a peptide or protein molecule.
A short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, typically containing between 2 and 50 amino acid residues.
The study of what a drug or substance does to the body, including its mechanism of action, therapeutic effects, and adverse effects.
The study of how the body affects a drug or substance over time, encompassing absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
The percentage of a sample that consists of the intended compound, with the remainder being impurities, degradation products, or synthesis byproducts.
A protein molecule on the surface of or inside a cell that receives chemical signals from outside the cell.
The process of dissolving a lyophilized (freeze-dried) peptide powder with a suitable solvent, typically bacteriostatic water.
A peptide hormone that inhibits the release of growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, and several other hormones.
A route of administration involving injection into the fatty tissue layer beneath the skin but above the muscle.
Repetitive nucleotide sequences (TTAGGG in humans) that cap the ends of chromosomes, protecting them from degradation and fusion.
A family of small peptides originally isolated from the thymus gland that play roles in immune system modulation and tissue repair.